Par value is one of the foundational decisions in a startup’s equity structure. While it may seem like a minor technicality, par value directly affects how stock is issued, how founders and employees receive equity, and how investors perceive the company.

Splitting equity among co-founders is one of the most important and sensitive decisions in the early life of a startup. The distribution of ownership impacts motivation, team alignment, and the long-term health of the company. This guide outlines the key principles, methods, and pitfalls to consider when dividing founder equity.

For startup founders, determining the number of shares to issue at incorporation is a critical decision that impacts ownership structure, employee incentives, and future funding potential. This memo outlines the key factors to consider when allocating shares in your new venture.

In the intricate world of startup finance, understanding share calculations is crucial. What seems like a straightforward counting exercise quickly becomes a nuanced exploration of different share types and calculation methods. Let's break down the three key ways startups measure their shares.

For startup founders and entrepreneurs, equity compensation is more than a recruitment tool. It builds an ownership culture, attracts top talent, and aligns employee incentives with company growth. Understanding the fundamentals of equity plans helps you design a structure that supports long-term success.

As your business evolves, the legal structure that worked in your startup phase may no longer be the best fit. Corporate conversion - the process of transitioning from one entity type to another - can help align your company’s structure with your growth, funding, and succession goals.

Determining where your startup needs to qualify to do business can be a complex challenge, especially in an era of remote work and digital commerce. This memo provides critical guidance on understanding when and where your startup may need to qualify to do business.

An Employer Identification Number (EIN) is a federal tax identifier issued by the IRS. Every new business needs an EIN to operate legally and establish financial credibility. This guide explains why EINs matter, how to apply, and what to prepare before starting the process.

Incorporating your startup is an important milestone, but it is only the first step toward building a fully functional company. After incorporation, several legal documents and governance measures are required to establish structure, protect intellectual property, and prepare for growth.